The Channel Tunnel

The Channel Tunnel (French: Le tunnel sous la Manche; also nicknamed and shortened to Chunnel)[2][3] is a 50.5-kilometre (31.4 mi) rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent, in the United Kingdom, with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais, near Calais in northern France, beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. At its lowest point, it is 75 m (250 ft) deep.[4][5][6] At 37.9 kilometres (23.5 mi), the tunnel has the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world, although the Seikan Tunnel in Japan is both longer overall at 53.85 kilometres (33.46 mi) and deeper at 240 metres (790 ft) below sea level. The speed limit in the tunnel is 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph).[7] The tunnel carries high-speed Eurostar passenger trains, the Eurotunnel Shuttle for road vehicles—the largest such transport in the world[8]—and international freight trains.[9] The tunnel connects end-to-end with the LGV Nord and High Speed 1 high-speed railway lines. Ideas for a cross-Channel fixed link appeared as early as 1802,[10][11] but British political and press pressure over the compromising of national security stalled attempts to construct a tunnel.[12] An early attempt at building a Channel Tunnel was made in the late 19th century, on the English side "in the hope of forcing the hand of the English Government".[13] The eventual successful project, organised by Eurotunnel, began construction in 1988 and opened in 1994. At £4.65 billion, the project came in 80% over its predicted budget.[14] Since its construction, the tunnel has faced several problems. Both fires and cold weather have disrupted its operation.[15][16] Illegal immigrants have attempted to use the tunnel to enter the UK,[17] causing a minor diplomatic disagreement over the siting of the refugee camp at Sangatte, which was eventually closed in 2002.